Key Definitions

Scarcity of resources / factors of production compared with unlimited wants. Also: unlimited / infinite wants exceed limited / finite / scarce resources, resulting in scarcity.

与无限欲望相比，资源或生产要素是稀缺的。也可表述为：无限的欲望超过有限、稀缺的资源，因此产生稀缺性。

A situation where wants exceed available resources; consumers, firms and governments cannot have everything they want because resources are limited.

欲望超过可用资源的情况；由于资源有限，消费者、企业和政府不能得到他们想要的一切。

A good that uses up resources / needs factors of production to produce it; it is scarce / in limited supply and has an opportunity cost.

生产时会使用资源或需要生产要素的物品；它是稀缺的、供应有限，并且有机会成本。

A good that does not use up resources / does not need factors of production to produce it; it is in unlimited supply and has no opportunity cost. Mark-scheme examples include air / oxygen, sunlight, water and wind.

生产时不使用资源或不需要生产要素的物品；它供应无限，没有机会成本。评分方案例子包括空气 / 氧气、阳光、水和风。

A resource / input used to produce goods and services / used in the production process.

用于生产商品和服务、或用于生产过程的资源 / 投入。

Natural resources used in production. Reward: rent.

用于生产的自然资源。报酬是地租。

Human effort / workers used in production. Reward: wages / salaries.

用于生产的人类努力 / 工人。报酬是工资 / 薪金。

Human-made goods used for production. A capital good is a good used to produce another good or service / a human-made good used for production, e.g. a machine. Reward: interest.

用于生产的人造物品。资本品是用于生产另一种商品或服务的物品 / 用于生产的人造物品，例如机器。报酬是利息。

Enterprise is the factor that organises the other factors of production and takes risks. An entrepreneur runs / owns a business, may be innovative, and is willing to take risks. Reward: profit.

企业家才能是组织其他生产要素并承担风险的生产要素。企业家经营 / 拥有企业，可能具有创新性，并愿意承担风险。报酬是利润。

The ability of workers to move occupationally or geographically to take up another job.

工人为了从事另一份工作而在职业之间或地理区域之间移动的能力。

The ability of labour to move from one type of job / occupation to another; affected by skills, qualifications, training and willingness / ability to undertake training.

劳动力从一种工作 / 职业转向另一种工作 / 职业的能力；受技能、资格、培训以及接受培训的意愿 / 能力影响。

The ability of labour to move from one area or country to another; affected by transport, housing, family ties, language and immigration restrictions.

劳动力从一个地区或国家迁移到另一个地区或国家的能力；受交通、住房、家庭关系、语言和移民限制影响。

Can increase through land reclamation, discovery of resources, an increase in the labour force / immigration, investment in capital goods, and more entrepreneurs.

可通过填海造地、发现资源、劳动力增加 / 移民、投资资本品以及更多企业家而增加。

Can increase through improved education, improved training / higher skills, improved healthcare, better quality capital equipment, advances in technology, research and development, and increased experience.

可通过改善教育、改善培训 / 提高技能、改善医疗保健、更高质量的资本设备、技术进步、研究与开发以及经验增加而提高。

The next best alternative forgone / given up.

放弃 / 牺牲的次优选择。

Choice involves opportunity cost. Consumers with limited incomes sacrifice another product; workers with limited time may sacrifice another job or leisure; producers with limited financial resources choose what / how / where to produce; governments with limited tax revenue sacrifice alternative spending priorities.

选择涉及机会成本。收入有限的消费者会牺牲另一种产品；时间有限的工人可能牺牲另一份工作或闲暇；资金有限的生产者要选择生产什么、如何生产、在哪里生产；税收收入有限的政府会牺牲其他支出优先项。

A curve showing the maximum combinations of two goods / outputs that can be produced with available resources and current technology / productive capacity.

一条曲线，显示在现有资源和当前技术 / 生产能力下，两个产品 / 产出的最大可能组合。

Output is lower than potentially achievable; there are unemployed resources / inefficient use of resources.

产出低于可能达到的水平；存在未被雇用的资源 / 资源使用低效。

Output is at its maximum; all resources are employed / full employment / efficient use of resources.

产出达到最大；所有资源都被雇用 / 充分就业 / 资源被有效使用。

Not currently achievable with existing resources and technology; it requires an increase in productive capacity / a rightward shift of the PPC.

在现有资源和技术下当前无法达到；需要生产能力增加 / PPC 向右移动。

A change in the combination of goods produced; producing more of one good involves an opportunity cost in terms of the other good forgone.

所生产商品组合的变化；多生产一种商品意味着以放弃另一种商品为机会成本。

An increase in productive capacity / the economy is able to produce more; caused by investment, technological progress, or increases in the quantity / quality of factors of production.

生产能力增加 / 经济能够生产更多；由投资、技术进步或生产要素数量 / 质量增加导致。

A fall in productive capacity / reduced maximum output; caused by fewer resources, a smaller labour force, natural disasters, war, climate change or destroyed infrastructure.

生产能力下降 / 最大产出减少；由资源减少、劳动力缩小、自然灾害、战争、气候变化或基础设施被毁导致。

The study of individual markets, firms, consumers, workers and industries; it examines decisions made by individual economic agents.

研究单个市场、企业、消费者、工人和行业；考察单个经济主体作出的决策。

The study of the economy as a whole, including GDP / economic growth, inflation, unemployment, the current account of the balance of payments and government policy.

研究整个经济，包括 GDP / 经济增长、通货膨胀、失业、国际收支经常账户和政府政策。

A market is made up of buyers and sellers who trade products through the interaction of demand and supply, creating market equilibrium.

市场由买方和卖方组成，他们通过需求与供给的相互作用交易产品，并形成市场均衡。

A system in which scarce resources are allocated mainly by market forces. Price signals / the price mechanism indicate to sellers how to allocate resources and profit provides the incentive to respond to changes in demand.

稀缺资源主要由市场力量配置的制度。价格信号 / 价格机制向卖方表明如何配置资源，利润为其回应需求变化提供激励。

A decision on what types of products an economy needs to produce, e.g. capital goods versus consumer goods / necessities versus luxuries.

关于一个经济需要生产哪些类型产品的决策，例如资本品与消费品 / 必需品与奢侈品。

A decision on the methods used to produce goods and services, e.g. seeking the most efficient method / capital-intensive versus labour-intensive production.

关于生产商品和服务所使用方法的决策，例如寻求最有效率的方法 / 资本密集型与劳动密集型生产。

A decision on who receives the goods and services, e.g. those who can pay, the target market, or those who need it versus those who want it.

关于谁获得商品和服务的决策，例如有支付能力的人、目标市场，或需要它的人与想要它的人。

The use of price changes to allocate resources: if demand increases, price rises and more resources are devoted to production; if demand decreases, price falls and fewer resources are devoted to production.

利用价格变化配置资源：如果需求增加，价格上升，更多资源投入生产；如果需求减少，价格下降，投入生产的资源减少。

The willingness and ability to buy a good or service at a given price over a period of time.

在某一时期内，在给定价格下，购买一种商品或服务的意愿和能力。

The demand of one consumer for a product at each price. Market demand is found by adding individual demand at each price.

一个消费者在每个价格下对某产品的需求。市场需求通过把每个价格下的个人需求相加得到。

A movement along a demand curve; higher quantity demanded caused by a fall in price.

沿需求曲线的移动；由价格下降导致需求量增加。

A movement along a demand curve; lower quantity demanded caused by a rise in price.

沿需求曲线的移动；由价格上升导致需求量减少。

The total demand for a product; found by adding / aggregating all individual demand at each price.

一种产品的总需求；通过把每个价格下所有个人需求相加 / 汇总得到。

A shift of the demand curve to the right, caused by changes in conditions of demand, not by a change in the product’s own price.

需求曲线向右移动，由需求条件变化引起，而不是由该产品自身价格变化引起。

A shift of the demand curve to the left, caused by changes in conditions of demand, not by a change in the product’s own price.

需求曲线向左移动，由需求条件变化引起，而不是由该产品自身价格变化引起。

Income, tastes / fashion / trends, advertising, population, price of substitutes, price of complements, interest rates, confidence, weather and expectations. These shift the demand curve.

收入、品味 / 时尚 / 潮流、广告、人口、替代品价格、互补品价格、利率、信心、天气和预期。这些会移动需求曲线。

An alternative product to which consumers can switch; a cheaper substitute can reduce demand for the original product.

消费者可以转向购买的替代产品；更便宜的替代品会降低原产品的需求。

A product bought / used together with another product; an increase in the price of a complement can reduce demand for the related product.

与另一种产品一起购买 / 使用的产品；互补品价格上升会降低相关产品的需求。

The willingness and ability to sell / provide a good or service at a given price over a period of time.

在某一时期内，在给定价格下，出售 / 提供一种商品或服务的意愿和能力。

The supply of one firm for a product at each price. Market supply is found by adding individual firms’ supply at each price.

一个企业在每个价格下对某产品的供给。市场供给通过把每个价格下单个企业的供给相加得到。

A movement along a supply curve; higher quantity supplied caused by a rise in price.

沿供给曲线的移动；由价格上升导致供给量增加。

A movement along a supply curve; lower quantity supplied caused by a fall in price.

沿供给曲线的移动；由价格下降导致供给量减少。

The total supply of a product; found by adding / aggregating all individual firms’ supply at each price.

一种产品的总供给；通过把每个价格下所有单个企业的供给相加 / 汇总得到。

A shift of the supply curve to the right; caused by lower costs, increased productivity, better technology, reduced regulations, reduced taxes, increased subsidies, more firms, or good weather / suitable season for agricultural products.

供给曲线向右移动；由成本降低、生产率提高、更好的技术、监管减少、税收减少、补贴增加、企业数量增加，或农产品遇到好天气 / 适宜季节导致。

A shift of the supply curve to the left; caused by higher costs, lower productivity, higher indirect taxes, reduced subsidies, more regulations, fewer firms, poor weather or disruption to production.

供给曲线向左移动；由成本上升、生产率下降、间接税提高、补贴减少、监管增加、企业数量减少、恶劣天气或生产中断导致。

Demand equalling supply / quantity demanded equalling quantity supplied; no shortage and no surplus; balance of demand and supply.

需求等于供给 / 需求量等于供给量；没有短缺，也没有过剩；需求与供给达到平衡。

A position where demand does not equal supply, creating either a shortage / excess demand or a surplus / excess supply.

需求不等于供给的位置，会产生短缺 / 超额需求或过剩 / 超额供给。

Demand exceeding supply / excess demand; too much demand and not enough supply.

需求超过供给 / 超额需求；需求过多而供给不足。

Supply exceeding demand / excess supply; too much supply and not enough demand.

供给超过需求 / 超额供给；供给过多而需求不足。

A change in market price caused by changing market conditions, such as changes in demand or supply.

由市场条件变化引起的市场价格变化，例如需求或供给变化。

After demand or supply changes, price and quantity move to a new equilibrium where demand again equals supply.

需求或供给变化后，价格和数量移动到新的均衡，在那里需求再次等于供给。

The responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price.

需求量对价格变化的反应程度。

PED = percentage change in quantity demanded ÷ percentage change in price.

PED = 需求量变化百分比 ÷ 价格变化百分比。

Quantity demanded changes by a greater percentage than the change in price; PED greater than 1.

需求量变化的百分比大于价格变化的百分比；PED 大于 1。

Quantity demanded changes by a smaller percentage than the change in price; PED less than 1.

需求量变化的百分比小于价格变化的百分比；PED 小于 1。

The percentage change in quantity demanded equals the percentage change in price; PED equals 1.

需求量变化的百分比等于价格变化的百分比；PED 等于 1。

Substitutes, whether a luxury or necessity, proportion of income taken, habit-forming / addictive nature, whether purchase can be postponed, time period, breadth of definition, brand loyalty, number of uses and complements.

替代品、是否为奢侈品或必需品、占收入比例、是否成瘾 / 形成习惯、购买是否可以推迟、时间长短、定义范围宽窄、品牌忠诚、用途数量和互补品。

The effect of a price change on revenue depends on PED. If demand is elastic, a rise in price reduces revenue and a fall in price increases revenue. If demand is inelastic, a rise in price increases revenue and a fall in price reduces revenue.

价格变化对收入的影响取决于 PED。如果需求富有弹性，价格上升会减少收入，价格下降会增加收入。如果需求缺乏弹性，价格上升会增加收入，价格下降会减少收入。

The responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price.

供给量对价格变化的反应程度。

PES = percentage change in quantity supplied ÷ percentage change in price.

PES = 供给量变化百分比 ÷ 价格变化百分比。

The percentage change in quantity supplied is greater than the percentage change in price; PES greater than 1.

供给量变化的百分比大于价格变化的百分比；PES 大于 1。

The percentage change in quantity supplied is smaller than the percentage change in price; PES less than 1.

供给量变化的百分比小于价格变化的百分比；PES 小于 1。

The percentage change in quantity supplied equals the percentage change in price; PES equals 1.

供给量变化的百分比等于价格变化的百分比；PES 等于 1。

Production time, construction time, storage time, stocks, spare capacity, availability / mobility of factors of production, whether production can be switched, and time period.

生产时间、建设时间、储存时间、库存、闲置产能、生产要素的可获得性 / 流动性、生产是否可以转换，以及时间长短。

An economy where resources are allocated mainly by market forces / the price mechanism, with private sector ownership and decisions influenced by the profit motive.

一种经济，其中资源主要由市场力量 / 价格机制配置，私营部门拥有所有权，决策受利润动机影响。

The idea that firms produce what consumers demand because profit provides an incentive to respond to demand.

企业生产消费者所需求产品的观念，因为利润会提供回应需求的激励。

An inefficient allocation / misallocation of resources in a free market; production or consumption of goods and services in a market is not efficient.

自由市场中资源配置低效 / 资源错配；市场中商品和服务的生产或消费没有达到效率。

A benefit enjoyed / incurred by the consumer or producer of a product, e.g. better future job prospects from education or profits earned by a firm.

产品消费者或生产者享受 / 产生的收益，例如教育带来更好的未来就业前景，或企业获得利润。

A benefit enjoyed / incurred by a third party who is not directly involved in the consumption or production of the product.

未直接参与该产品消费或生产的第三方享受 / 产生的收益。

Private benefit plus external benefit; the total benefit to society.

私人收益加外部收益；社会的总收益。

A cost incurred by the consumer or producer of a product.

产品消费者或生产者承担的成本。

A cost suffered by a third party who is not directly involved in the consumption or production of the product, e.g. pollution.

未直接参与该产品消费或生产的第三方承受的成本，例如污染。

Private cost plus external cost; the total cost to society.

私人成本加外部成本；社会的总成本。

A good that is beneficial / has positive externalities and is under-consumed because people may be unaware of its benefits; it may be under-produced without government intervention.

有益 / 具有正外部性的商品；由于人们可能不了解其好处而消费不足；如果没有政府干预也可能生产不足。

A good that has harmful effects / negative externalities and is over-consumed or over-produced because consumers may not appreciate its full costs.

具有有害影响 / 负外部性的商品；由于消费者可能不了解其全部成本而被过度消费或过度生产。

An external cost or external benefit affecting a third party not directly involved in producing or consuming a product.

影响未直接参与产品生产或消费的第三方的外部成本或外部收益。

A good that would not be produced by the private sector / needs to be financed by government; non-rival and non-excludable. Mark-scheme examples include defence, street lighting, police and sea defences.

私营部门不会生产 / 需要由政府筹资的商品；具有非竞争性和非排他性。评分方案例子包括国防、街灯、警察和海防设施。

A firm may use market power to restrict output / supply, raise prices, reduce choice, reduce quality or exploit consumers.

企业可能利用市场力量限制产出 / 供给、提高价格、减少选择、降低质量或剥削消费者。

Factors of production cannot move easily to where they are needed, causing unemployment, shortages or surpluses. Labour immobility may be occupational or geographical.

生产要素不能轻易移动到需要它们的地方，从而造成失业、短缺或过剩。劳动力不流动可能是职业上的或地理上的。

Too many resources devoted to demerit goods or goods with external costs; too few resources devoted to merit goods or goods with external benefits; non-supply of public goods.

过多资源投入劣值品或具有外部成本的商品；过少资源投入优值品或具有外部收益的商品；公共物品没有被提供。

Too much of a good is consumed or produced from society’s viewpoint, especially demerit goods or goods with external costs.

从社会角度看，某种商品被消费或生产得过多，尤其是劣值品或具有外部成本的商品。

Too little of a good is consumed or produced from society’s viewpoint, especially merit goods or goods with external benefits.

从社会角度看，某种商品被消费或生产得过少，尤其是优值品或具有外部收益的商品。

An economy with both private sector and public sector activity. Private sector decisions are influenced by market forces / the price mechanism and profit motive; government decisions use spending, taxation, regulation and direct provision to improve economic welfare / correct market failure.

同时具有私营部门和公共部门活动的经济。私营部门决策受市场力量 / 价格机制和利润动机影响；政府决策通过支出、税收、规制和直接提供来改善经济福利 / 纠正市场失灵。

A price ceiling set by government, usually below the equilibrium price, to make a product more affordable; if set below equilibrium it creates a shortage / demand greater than supply.

政府设定的价格上限，通常低于均衡价格，目的是使产品更可负担；如果设在均衡以下，会产生短缺 / 需求大于供给。

A price set by government above the equilibrium price; a price floor, to encourage higher supply, resulting in a surplus.

政府设定在均衡价格以上的价格；即价格下限，用于鼓励更高供给，结果会产生过剩。

A tax on spending / goods and services, such as VAT, sales tax, excise duties or tariffs. It raises firms’ costs of production and may reduce supply / increase price.

对支出 / 商品和服务征收的税，例如 VAT、销售税、消费税或关税。它提高企业生产成本，并可能减少供给 / 提高价格。

A government payment / financial incentive / additional payment to producers or consumers; it can reduce costs, increase supply, lower price and encourage consumption / production.

政府向生产者或消费者支付的款项 / 财政激励 / 额外付款；可降低成本、增加供给、降低价格，并鼓励消费 / 生产。

Laws / rules used to influence firms or consumers, e.g. to promote merit goods, reduce demerit goods, set standards, prevent abuse of monopoly power or reduce exploitation of labour.

用于影响企业或消费者的法律 / 规则，例如促进优值品、减少劣值品、设定标准、防止滥用垄断力量或减少对劳动力的剥削。

The sale / transfer of assets from the public sector to the private sector.

资产从公共部门出售 / 转移到私营部门。

The transfer of assets or firms from the private sector to government / public sector ownership.

资产或企业从私营部门转移到政府 / 公共部门所有。

Government finances / produces goods and services directly, especially public goods and merit goods such as healthcare and education.

政府直接资助 / 生产商品和服务，特别是公共物品和优值品，如医疗保健和教育。

Anything generally accepted as a means of payment. Its functions are medium of exchange, unit of account / measure of value, store of value and standard of deferred payments.

任何被普遍接受为支付手段的东西。其职能是交换媒介、记账单位 / 价值尺度、价值储藏和延期支付标准。

Money can be used to buy goods and services / to trade.

货币可用于购买商品和服务 / 进行交易。

Money measures how much a product is worth.

货币衡量一种产品值多少钱。

Money allows people to save value over time.

货币使人们能够随时间储存价值。

Money is used for borrowing and lending / making payments in the future.

货币用于借贷 / 在未来进行支付。

Generally acceptable, portable, recognisable, divisible, durable, limited in supply / scarce and uniform.

被普遍接受、便携、可识别、可分割、耐用、供应有限 / 稀缺且统一。

A bank to the government and commercial banks. It operates monetary policy / controls inflation, sets interest rates, manages the money supply / foreign exchange reserves, issues notes and coins, acts as lender of last resort and oversees the banking system.

为政府和商业银行服务的银行。它执行货币政策 / 控制通胀、设定利率、管理货币供应 / 外汇储备、发行纸币和硬币、充当最后贷款人并监管银行体系。

A bank that provides services to consumers, firms and governments: accepts deposits, lends money / provides overdrafts, processes payments, safe-keeps money and valuables, exchanges foreign currency and may help implement monetary policy by changing interest rates in line with the central bank.

向消费者、企业和政府提供服务的银行：接受存款、放贷 / 提供透支、处理支付、保管货币和贵重物品、兑换外币，并可能通过按中央银行调整利率来帮助实施货币政策。

Using income to buy goods and services; influenced by income, interest rates, confidence, wealth, age, number of dependants, taxation, inflation and expectations.

用收入购买商品和服务；受收入、利率、信心、财富、年龄、受抚养人数、税收、通胀和预期影响。

Income not spent; influenced by income, interest rates, confidence / economic outlook, age, number of dependants, wealth, financial institutions and availability of saving schemes.

未被花掉的收入；受收入、利率、信心 / 经济前景、年龄、受抚养人数、财富、金融机构和储蓄计划可获得性影响。

Obtaining money now to repay later; influenced by interest rates, confidence, income, wealth, access to credit and expected future income.

现在取得资金并以后偿还；受利率、信心、收入、财富、获得信贷的机会和预期未来收入影响。

Pay / wages, pensions, bonuses and other financial rewards.

工资 / 薪酬、养老金、奖金和其他财务报酬。

Working conditions, job satisfaction, interest, status, vocation, family tradition, job security, fringe benefits, pensions, working hours and promotion prospects.

工作条件、工作满意度、兴趣、地位、职业使命、家庭传统、工作保障、附加福利、养老金、工作时间和晋升前景。

Wages are influenced by the demand for labour, the supply of labour, relative bargaining power, trade unions and government policy such as a minimum wage.

工资受劳动力需求、劳动力供给、相对议价能力、工会和政府政策（如最低工资）影响。

A minimum price for labour / wage floor set by government. If set above the equilibrium wage, it can raise wages but may create unemployment / a surplus of labour.

政府设定的劳动力最低价格 / 工资下限。如果设在均衡工资之上，可以提高工资，但可能造成失业 / 劳动力过剩。

Demand for labour is derived from demand for the product the workers produce.

对劳动力的需求来源于对工人所生产产品的需求。

Differences in demand and supply, skills, training, qualifications, productivity, relative bargaining strength, discrimination, government policy, sector, risk / unsociable hours and working conditions.

需求和供给差异、技能、培训、资格、生产率、相对议价能力、歧视、政府政策、行业、风险 / 非正常工作时间和工作条件。

Workers specialise in particular tasks or stages of production; this can increase output and productivity but may create boredom, dependence and loss of flexibility.

工人专门从事特定任务或生产阶段；这可以提高产出和生产率，但可能造成厌倦、依赖和灵活性丧失。

An organisation of workers that uses collective bargaining to improve wages, working hours and working conditions, protect employment and influence government policy.

工人的组织，通过集体谈判改善工资、工作时间和工作条件，保护就业并影响政府政策。

Negotiation by a trade union with employers on behalf of workers, usually over wages, hours and working conditions.

工会代表工人与雇主进行谈判，通常涉及工资、工时和工作条件。

Action by workers such as a strike; it can disrupt production and may reduce productivity / wages.

工人采取的行动，如罢工；它可能扰乱生产并可能降低生产率 / 工资。

Influenced by membership, funds, unity, legal rights, demand for labour, elasticity of demand for labour, profitability of firms, availability of substitute labour and ability / willingness to take industrial action.

受会员数量、资金、团结程度、法律权利、劳动力需求、劳动力需求弹性、企业盈利能力、替代劳动力可得性以及采取劳工行动的能力 / 意愿影响。

The sector extracting / producing raw materials and natural resources, e.g. agriculture, fishing, mining.

开采 / 生产原材料和自然资源的部门，例如农业、渔业、采矿业。

The sector covering construction and manufacturing / the sector that processes raw materials, e.g. car manufacturing.

涵盖建筑和制造业 / 加工原材料的部门，例如汽车制造。

The sector covering the provision of services, e.g. banking, education, healthcare, retail and tourism.

提供服务的部门，例如银行、教育、医疗、零售和旅游。

Sector operated and owned by individuals / firms; economic decisions are made mainly by private owners and are influenced by self-interest, profits, utility and efficiency.

由个人 / 企业经营和拥有的部门；经济决策主要由私人所有者作出，并受自身利益、利润、效用和效率影响。

Sector owned / managed by the government; economic decisions are made by government and may be influenced by welfare of society / people and externalities.

由政府拥有 / 管理的部门；经济决策由政府作出，并可能受社会 / 人民福利和外部性影响。

A firm with relatively few workers, low output, low revenue or low market share; may survive through niche markets, personal service, flexibility, specialist products and markets too small for large firms.

工人数量、产出、收入或市场份额相对较小的企业；可通过利基市场、个人化服务、灵活性、专业产品和对大企业来说过小的市场生存。

Expansion from within the firm, e.g. increased output, more branches or increased market share.

企业从内部扩张，例如增加产出、开设更多分店或提高市场份额。

Increase in size / output of a firm / expansion of a firm due to a merger / takeover.

由于合并 / 收购而使企业规模 / 产出增加 / 企业扩张。

Two or more firms in the same industry at the same stage of production merge.

同一行业、同一生产阶段的两个或更多企业合并。

Two or more firms in the same industry but at different stages of production merge; it may be backward or forward vertical integration.

同一行业但处于不同生产阶段的两个或更多企业合并；可以是后向或前向纵向一体化。

A merger with a firm at an earlier stage of production, e.g. a manufacturer merging with a supplier of raw materials.

与处于较早生产阶段的企业合并，例如制造商与原材料供应商合并。

A merger with a firm at a later stage of production, e.g. a manufacturer merging with a retailer.

与处于较后生产阶段的企业合并，例如制造商与零售商合并。

Two or more firms in different industries merge.

不同行业中的两个或更多企业合并。

Benefits of large-scale production that reduce average costs as output / scale of production increases.

大规模生产带来的好处，使平均成本随着产出 / 生产规模增加而下降。

Cost advantages gained within a firm as it expands, e.g. technical, managerial, purchasing, marketing and financial economies.

企业扩张时在企业内部获得的成本优势，例如技术、管理、采购、营销和金融规模经济。

Cost advantages gained from growth of the industry, e.g. a skilled labour force, suppliers or infrastructure.

行业增长带来的成本优势，例如熟练劳动力、供应商或基础设施。

Disadvantages of very large-scale production that increase average costs, e.g. communication problems, poor coordination, slow decision-making and low motivation.

非常大规模生产带来的不利因素，使平均成本上升，例如沟通问题、协调差、决策缓慢和低积极性。

Influenced by demand for the product produced / derived demand, the price of the factor, price of substitute factors, availability of factors and productivity.

受所生产产品的需求 / 派生需求、生产要素价格、替代要素价格、要素可获得性和生产率影响。

Production using a relatively high proportion of labour compared with capital; likely where labour is low in price / wages are low, capital is expensive, or the product requires personal service / skill.

相对于资本使用较高比例劳动力的生产；在劳动力价格 / 工资低、资本昂贵，或产品需要个人服务 / 技能时更可能出现。

Production using a relatively high proportion of capital compared with labour; may lower costs, raise productivity / efficiency, increase quality / consistency and allow large-scale production.

相对于劳动力使用较高比例资本的生产；可能降低成本、提高生产率 / 效率、提高质量 / 一致性，并允许大规模生产。

The output of goods and services produced.

所生产的商品和服务的产出。

Output per worker / output per factor input in a given period of time; can rise with education, training, healthcare, technology, capital equipment, experience and specialisation.

单位时间内每名工人 / 每单位要素投入的产出；可随教育、培训、医疗保健、技术、资本设备、经验和专业化而提高。

Addition of all costs / overall costs; fixed cost plus variable cost.

所有成本之和 / 总体成本；固定成本加可变成本。

A cost that does not change with output / has to be paid even when output is zero, e.g. rent.

不随产量变化而变化的成本 / 即使产量为零也必须支付的成本，例如租金。

A cost that changes with output, e.g. raw materials or direct labour.

随产量变化而变化的成本，例如原材料或直接劳动力。

Total cost divided by output; cost per unit.

总成本除以产量；单位成本。

Fixed cost divided by output.

固定成本除以产量。

Variable cost divided by output.

可变成本除以产量。

Total money received from sales; price multiplied by quantity sold.

销售收到的总金额；价格乘以销售数量。

Total revenue divided by quantity sold; revenue per unit sold / price per unit when all units are sold at the same price.

总收入除以销售数量；每售出一单位的收入 / 当所有单位以相同价格出售时等于单位价格。

Total revenue minus total cost.

总收入减去总成本。

A firm objective of making the highest possible profit / maximising the gap between total revenue and total cost.

企业目标之一，即获得尽可能高的利润 / 使总收入与总成本之间的差距最大化。

A firm objective of staying in business, especially when new or facing strong competition.

企业目标之一，即继续经营，尤其是在企业刚成立或面临强烈竞争时。

A firm objective of increasing size, output, sales, market share or revenue.

企业目标之一，即扩大规模、产出、销售额、市场份额或收入。

A firm objective of improving welfare / social benefit, not only profit.

企业目标之一，即改善福利 / 社会收益，而不仅仅是利润。

A market with a high number of firms / high competition and substitutes available; this tends to lead to lower prices, higher quality, more choice and innovation.

有大量企业 / 高度竞争且存在替代品的市场；这往往带来更低价格、更高质量、更多选择和创新。

A market with one firm / a dominant firm with no effective competition or close substitutes. It may be a price maker, have high barriers to entry, control supply and earn high profits.

只有一家企业 / 一个没有有效竞争或相近替代品的主导企业的市场。它可能是价格制定者，进入壁垒高，控制供给并获得高利润。

Government acts locally, nationally and internationally by providing goods and services, regulating markets, redistributing income, correcting market failure and pursuing macroeconomic aims.

政府在地方、国家和国际层面行动，提供商品和服务、规制市场、再分配收入、纠正市场失灵并追求宏观经济目标。

An increase in output / GDP / real GDP.

产出 / GDP / 实际 GDP 的增加。

A situation where those willing and able to work can find employment; unemployment is low.

愿意并能够工作的人能够找到工作的情况；失业率低。

A low and stable rise in the general price level / cost of living; helps maintain purchasing power, confidence and certainty.

一般价格水平 / 生活成本低而稳定地上升；有助于维持购买力、信心和确定性。

Avoiding persistent current account deficits or surpluses and instability in international payments / the foreign exchange rate.

避免持续的经常账户赤字或盈余，以及避免国际支付 / 外汇汇率不稳定。

Government action to reduce income inequality, e.g. progressive taxation and state benefits.

政府为减少收入不平等而采取的行动，例如累进税和国家福利。

Lower unemployment can increase aggregate demand and wage pressure, causing demand-pull or cost-push inflation.

较低失业率可能提高总需求和工资压力，造成需求拉动型或成本推动型通胀。

Higher growth can raise incomes and demand for imports, worsening the current account.

更高增长可能提高收入和进口需求，使经常账户恶化。

Higher employment can increase incomes and spending on imports, worsening the current account.

更高就业可能提高收入和进口支出，使经常账户恶化。

A plan / forecast for government expenditure and government revenue.

政府支出和政府收入的计划 / 预测。

Spending by government on areas such as education, healthcare, pensions, benefits, defence and infrastructure.

政府在教育、医疗保健、养老金、福利、国防和基础设施等领域的支出。

The main source of government revenue; levied to raise revenue, redistribute income, discourage demerit goods, correct market failure and influence aggregate demand / economic activity.

政府收入的主要来源；征税用于筹集收入、再分配收入、抑制劣值品、纠正市场失灵并影响总需求 / 经济活动。

A tax on income or wealth paid directly to government, such as income tax, corporation tax or wealth tax.

对收入或财富征收并直接支付给政府的税，如所得税、公司税或财富税。

A tax on spending / goods and services, such as VAT, sales tax, excise duties or tariffs. It raises firms’ costs of production and may reduce supply / increase price.

对支出 / 商品和服务征收的税，例如 VAT、销售税、消费税或关税。它提高企业生产成本，并可能减少供给 / 提高价格。

A tax that takes a higher proportion of income as income rises / from higher-income groups.

随着收入上升而征收更高收入比例的税 / 从较高收入群体征收更高比例的税。

A tax that takes a higher proportion of income from lower-income groups / places a greater burden on the poor.

从低收入群体收入中征收更高比例的税 / 对穷人造成更大负担的税。

A tax that takes the same proportion of income at all income levels.

在所有收入水平上征收相同比例收入的税。

A good tax should be equitable / fair, certain, convenient, economical to collect, difficult to evade, flexible and should not create major disincentive effects.

良好的税应当公平、确定、便利、征收成本低、难以逃避、灵活，并且不应产生重大的负面激励效应。

Use of government spending and taxation to influence economic activity / aggregate demand and achieve macroeconomic aims.

利用政府支出和税收来影响经济活动 / 总需求，并实现宏观经济目标。

Government spending exceeds government revenue.

政府支出超过政府收入。

Government revenue exceeds government spending.

政府收入超过政府支出。

Government spending equals government revenue.

政府支出等于政府收入。

Increasing government spending and/or reducing taxation to increase aggregate demand, output and employment / economic growth.

增加政府支出和 / 或减少税收，以提高总需求、产出和就业 / 经济增长。

Reducing government spending and/or increasing taxation to reduce aggregate demand and inflationary pressure.

减少政府支出和 / 或增加税收，以降低总需求和通胀压力。

The amount of money in an economy / in circulation.

一个经济中的货币数量 / 流通中的货币数量。

Policy using changes in interest rates, money supply and foreign exchange rates; usually implemented by the central bank and used to influence aggregate demand and macroeconomic aims.

使用利率、货币供应量和外汇汇率变化的政策；通常由中央银行实施，用于影响总需求和宏观经济目标。

The cost of borrowing and reward for saving; higher interest rates tend to reduce consumer expenditure, borrowing and investment and increase saving.

借款成本和储蓄回报；较高利率往往减少消费支出、借款和投资，并增加储蓄。

Lower interest rates / increased money supply to increase consumer spending, investment, aggregate demand, output and employment.

降低利率 / 增加货币供应量，以增加消费支出、投资、总需求、产出和就业。

Higher interest rates / reduced money supply to reduce consumer expenditure, investment, aggregate demand and inflationary pressure.

提高利率 / 减少货币供应量，以减少消费支出、投资、总需求和通胀压力。

Policy measures designed to increase productive capacity / total supply by improving the quantity, quality, efficiency or mobility of factors of production.

旨在通过改善生产要素的数量、质量、效率或流动性来提高生产能力 / 总供给的政策措施。

Education and training, labour market reforms, lower direct taxes, deregulation, improving incentives to work and invest, privatisation, infrastructure, healthcare and support for research / technology.

教育和培训、劳动力市场改革、降低直接税、放松管制、改善工作和投资激励、私有化、基础设施、医疗保健以及支持研究 / 技术。

The value of output / GDP adjusted for inflation.

经通胀调整后的产出 / GDP 价值。

GDP divided by population; used as an indicator of average income / output per person and living standards.

GDP 除以人口；用作平均收入 / 人均产出和生活水平的指标。

A fall in real GDP / negative economic growth / low economic activity; associated with lower aggregate demand, lower output and higher unemployment, moving the economy inside its PPC.

实际 GDP 下降 / 负经济增长 / 经济活动低迷；与较低总需求、较低产出和较高失业相关，使经济移动到 PPC 内部。

Increased aggregate demand can increase the utilisation of resources and GDP, moving production from inside towards the PPC.

总需求增加可以提高资源利用率和 GDP，使生产从 PPC 内部向 PPC 移动。

Investment, technology and increases in the quantity / quality of factors of production shift the PPC to the right.

投资、技术以及生产要素数量 / 质量的增加会使 PPC 向右移动。

People in work / employed in producing goods and services.

有工作 / 受雇生产商品和服务的人。

Those willing and able to work who cannot find employment.

愿意并能够工作但找不到工作的人。

People in work plus those unemployed who are willing and able to work; used as the denominator when calculating the unemployment rate.

有工作的人加上失业但愿意并能够工作的人；用于计算失业率时作为分母。

Economic activity that is officially recorded / registered and usually taxed and regulated by government.

被官方记录 / 注册并通常由政府征税和监管的经济活动。

Economic activity that is not officially recorded / registered and may not be taxed or regulated by government.

没有被官方记录 / 注册，可能不被征税或监管的经济活动。

The number of unemployed divided by the labour / work force, multiplied by 100; the percentage of the labour force without a job.

失业人数除以劳动力 / 劳动人口，再乘以 100；劳动力中没有工作的百分比。

A measure of unemployment based on the number claiming unemployment benefits.

基于申领失业救济人数的失业衡量方法。

A survey-based measure of unemployment asking whether people are without work, available for work and seeking work.

基于调查的失业衡量方法，询问人们是否没有工作、可以工作并正在寻找工作。

Workers in between jobs; includes people searching for work.

工人在两份工作之间的失业；包括正在寻找工作的人。

Unemployment caused by changes in demand and supply conditions, skills not matching vacancies, lack of labour mobility or decline of industries.

由需求和供给条件变化、技能与岗位不匹配、劳动力缺乏流动性或行业衰退造成的失业。

Unemployment caused by lack of aggregate demand / low economic activity; it occurs during a recession.

由总需求不足 / 经济活动低迷造成的失业；在经济衰退期间出现。

A sustained rise in the general price level / cost of living.

一般价格水平 / 生活成本的持续上升。

A sustained fall in the general price level / cost of living.

一般价格水平 / 生活成本的持续下降。

A measure of inflation / cost of living using weights / a basket of goods and services.

使用权重 / 一篮子商品和服务衡量通胀 / 生活成本的指标。

Inflation caused by higher aggregate demand / spending, pulling prices up.

由较高总需求 / 支出推动价格上升而导致的通胀。

Inflation caused by increases in costs of production, e.g. wages, raw materials, imported costs or energy.

由生产成本上升造成的通胀，例如工资、原材料、进口成本或能源。

Deflation caused by falling aggregate demand / low consumer expenditure / lower incomes.

由总需求下降 / 消费支出减少 / 收入降低造成的通缩。

Deflation caused by lower costs, higher productivity, improved technology or increased supply.

由成本降低、生产率提高、技术改进或供给增加造成的通缩。

The quantity and quality of goods and services people can consume; linked to income / GDP per head, health, education, leisure time, housing, environment and access to public / merit goods.

人们能够消费的商品和服务的数量和质量；与收入 / 人均 GDP、健康、教育、闲暇时间、住房、环境以及获得公共物品 / 优值品的机会有关。

Real GDP divided by population; an average measure of income / output per person and a common indicator of living standards.

实际 GDP 除以人口；衡量人均收入 / 人均产出的平均指标，也是生活水平的常用指标。

An indicator of living standards / development that includes income / GDP or GNI per head, education and health / life expectancy.

衡量生活水平 / 发展的指标，包括收入 / 人均 GDP 或 GNI、教育和健康 / 预期寿命。

How income is shared among people or households; uneven distribution means some groups receive a much higher share than others.

收入在人们或家庭之间如何分配；分配不均意味着某些群体获得远高于其他群体的收入份额。

A situation where income is too low to afford basic necessities.

收入低到无法负担基本必需品的情况。

Poverty measured in comparison with others in the same society; people have low income relative to average / median incomes.

相对于同一社会中其他人来衡量的贫困；人们收入相对于平均 / 中位收入较低。

Unemployment, low wages, sickness / poor health, old age, war / famine / natural disasters, lack of government benefits, low education / skills and income too low to afford basic necessities.

失业、低工资、疾病 / 健康差、年老、战争 / 饥荒 / 自然灾害、缺乏政府福利、教育 / 技能低，以及收入低到无法负担基本必需品。

Promote economic growth, improve education and healthcare, increase state benefits, use progressive taxation, introduce or raise minimum wages, reduce unemployment and provide maximum prices / subsidies for necessities.

促进经济增长、改善教育和医疗保健、增加国家福利、使用累进税、引入或提高最低工资、减少失业，并为必需品提供最高价格 / 补贴。

The number of births per 1000 population per year.

每年每 1000 人中的出生人数。

The number of deaths per 1000 population per year.

每年每 1000 人中的死亡人数。

Birth rate exceeds death rate.

出生率超过死亡率。

Immigration minus emigration.

移民流入 − 移民流出。

People entering a country to live there.

人们进入一个国家并在那里生活。

People exit / leave a country to live in another country.

人们离开 / 退出一个国家，到另一个国家生活。

The population size that gives the highest output / income / living standards per head with available resources.

在现有资源下，使人均产出 / 收入 / 生活水平最高的人口规模。

A diagram showing the age and gender distribution of a population.

显示人口年龄和性别分布的图表。

An increase in the proportion of older people; may increase spending on pensions and healthcare, raise the dependency ratio and affect saving and labour supply.

老年人口比例增加；可能增加养老金和医疗保健支出，提高抚养比，并影响储蓄和劳动力供给。

The number of dependants relative to the working-age population.

受抚养人口相对于劳动年龄人口的数量。

Improvement in living standards and welfare, not just economic growth; linked to income, productivity, population structure, sectors, saving and investment, education and healthcare.

生活水平和福利的改善，而不仅仅是经济增长；与收入、生产率、人口结构、产业部门、储蓄和投资、教育和医疗保健有关。

A large primary sector usually leads to lower levels of development than secondary and tertiary sectors because of lower value added and greater dependence on weather / commodity prices.

较大的第一产业通常会导致发展水平低于第二产业和第三产业，因为附加值较低，并且更依赖天气 / 大宗商品价格。

Higher savings can provide finance for investment; higher investment can raise productivity, output and development.

较高储蓄可以为投资提供资金；较高投资可以提高生产率、产出和发展水平。

Higher education and better healthcare can raise skills, productivity, life expectancy, employment and incomes.

更高水平的教育和更好的医疗保健可以提高技能、生产率、预期寿命、就业和收入。

A country specialises in producing goods and services it is best at producing / can produce more cheaply, because of superior resource allocation and/or cheaper production methods.

一个国家专门生产其最擅长生产 / 能以更低成本生产的商品和服务，这是因为资源配置更优和 / 或生产方法更便宜。

Movement / exchange of goods and services / products between countries; exports and imports of goods and services / products.

国家之间商品和服务 / 产品的流动 / 交换；商品和服务 / 产品的出口和进口。

Countries may develop skills, increase efficiency, increase output, export more, gain economies of scale, lower average costs and allow consumers greater choice / lower prices.

国家可能发展技能、提高效率、增加产出、扩大出口、获得规模经济、降低平均成本，并使消费者有更多选择 / 更低价格。

Overdependence on a narrow range of products or foreign markets, vulnerability to changes in demand / prices, structural unemployment and depletion of resources.

过度依赖少数产品或外国市场、易受需求 / 价格变化影响、结构性失业以及资源枯竭。

Increased connection of people and economies from all over the world through migration, trade in goods and services, foreign investment, sharing of ideas and technological development.

通过迁移、商品和服务贸易、外国投资、思想交流和技术发展，世界各地的人和经济联系更加紧密。

A firm that is based / has its headquarters in one country and operates / produces / sets up / works in another country or countries.

总部位于一个国家，并在另一个或多个国家经营 / 生产 / 设立 / 工作的企业。

The country in which an MNC operates / produces, outside the country where it is headquartered.

跨国公司经营 / 生产所在的国家，即其总部所在国以外的国家。

The country where an MNC is based / has its headquarters.

跨国公司所在 / 总部所在的国家。

International trade without protectionist restrictions such as tariffs, quotas, embargoes or subsidies that artificially change competitiveness.

没有保护主义限制的国际贸易，如关税、配额、禁运或人为改变竞争力的补贴。

Government measures that restrict free trade or give domestic producers an advantage over foreign producers, e.g. tariffs, quotas, subsidies and embargoes.

政府限制自由贸易或给予国内生产者相对于外国生产者优势的措施，例如关税、配额、补贴和禁运。

A tax on imports; it raises the price of imports, can reduce imports, make domestic goods more competitive, improve the current account and raise tax revenue.

对进口征收的税；它提高进口品价格，可能减少进口，使本国产品更具竞争力，改善经常账户并增加税收收入。

A limit on the quantity of imports.

对进口数量的限制。

A government payment to domestic firms that reduces costs / makes domestic products artificially cheap and helps them compete with imports.

政府向国内企业支付的款项，降低成本 / 使国内产品人为便宜，并帮助其与进口品竞争。

A ban on imports from, or exports to, another country.

禁止从另一个国家进口或向另一个国家出口。

Protection to allow new domestic industries to grow until they can compete internationally.

保护新兴国内产业，使其成长到能够在国际上竞争。

Protection to slow the decline of industries and reduce unemployment while resources move elsewhere.

保护衰退产业，以减缓其衰退，并在资源转向其他地方时减少失业。

Protection of industries considered important for national security or future economic performance.

保护被认为对国家安全或未来经济表现重要的产业。

Selling products in a foreign market at a low price to drive domestic firms out / increase market share / gain monopoly power, or to clear surplus stock.

以低价在外国市场销售产品，以把国内企业挤出市场 / 增加市场份额 / 获得垄断力量，或清理过剩库存。

The price of one currency in terms of another currency.

一种货币用另一种货币表示的价格。

An arrangement / place where different countries’ currencies are bought / demanded and sold / supplied; one currency is exchanged for another currency.

买入 / 需求和卖出 / 供给不同国家货币的安排 / 场所；一种货币被兑换成另一种货币。

An exchange rate determined by demand for and supply of a currency in the foreign exchange market.

由外汇市场上一种货币的需求和供给决定的汇率。

An exchange rate set / maintained by the government or central bank rather than left only to demand and supply.

由政府或中央银行设定 / 维持，而不是只由需求和供给决定的汇率。

Demand comes from foreigners wanting to buy a country’s exports, invest in the country, save in its banks, receive income from the country, or speculate that the currency will rise.

对货币的需求来自外国人想购买该国出口品、在该国投资、在其银行储蓄、从该国获得收入，或投机认为该货币会升值。

Supply comes from residents wanting to buy imports, invest abroad, save abroad, send income abroad, or speculate that the currency will fall.

货币供给来自本国居民想购买进口品、到海外投资、在海外储蓄、向海外汇出收入，或投机认为该货币会贬值。

A rise in the value of a floating exchange rate.

浮动汇率价值上升。

A fall in the value of a floating exchange rate.

浮动汇率价值下降。

A rise in the value of a fixed exchange rate.

固定汇率价值上升。

A fall in the value of a fixed exchange rate.

固定汇率价值下降。

A lower exchange rate makes exports cheaper and imports more expensive; a higher exchange rate makes exports more expensive and imports cheaper. The effect on export revenue and import spending depends on PED.

较低汇率使出口更便宜、进口更昂贵；较高汇率使出口更昂贵、进口更便宜。对出口收入和进口支出的影响取决于 PED。

A record of a country’s financial transactions with the rest of the world.

一个国家与世界其他地区金融交易的记录。

Part of the balance of payments covering trade in goods, trade in services, primary income and secondary income.

国际收支中涵盖货物贸易、服务贸易、初次收入和二次收入的部分。

Trade in goods + trade in services + primary income + secondary income. A deficit means outflows exceed inflows; a surplus means inflows exceed outflows.

货物贸易 + 服务贸易 + 初次收入 + 二次收入。赤字意味着流出超过流入；盈余意味着流入超过流出。

Exports and imports of physical goods.

实物商品的出口和进口。

Exports and imports of services such as tourism, banking, transport and insurance.

旅游、银行、运输和保险等服务的出口和进口。

Component of the current account; includes profit, interest, dividends and wages earned abroad.

经常账户组成部分；包括在国外赚取的利润、利息、股息和工资。

Transfers between countries, such as remittances, aid and gifts.

国家之间的转移，如汇款、援助和礼物。

Expenditure on imports of goods exceeds revenue from exports of goods; imports of goods exceed exports of goods.

商品进口支出超过商品出口收入；商品进口超过商品出口。

Revenue from exports of goods exceeds expenditure on imports of goods; exports of goods exceed imports of goods.

商品出口收入超过商品进口支出；商品出口超过商品进口。

Outflows / payments on the current account exceed inflows / receipts.

经常账户上的流出 / 支付超过流入 / 收入。

Inflows / receipts on the current account exceed outflows / payments.

经常账户上的流入 / 收入超过流出 / 支付。

High imports, low exports, higher incomes at home, lower incomes abroad, weak international competitiveness, high inflation, poor quality and a high exchange rate.

进口高、出口低、国内收入较高、国外收入较低、国际竞争力弱、高通胀、质量差和高汇率。

High exports, low imports, low domestic demand, high foreign demand, strong competitiveness, low inflation, good quality and a low exchange rate.

出口高、进口低、国内需求低、国外需求高、竞争力强、低通胀、质量好和低汇率。

Expenditure-reducing policies, expenditure-switching policies, supply-side policies, exchange-rate policy and protectionist measures; effectiveness depends on PED, retaliation and time lags.

减少支出的政策、支出转换政策、供给侧政策、汇率政策和保护主义措施；有效性取决于 PED、报复和时滞。

Policies that reduce aggregate demand / spending, which can reduce imports and improve the current account balance.

减少总需求 / 支出的政策，这可以减少进口并改善经常账户余额。

Policies that switch demand away from imports and towards domestically produced goods, or switch foreign demand towards the country’s exports.

把需求从进口品转向国内生产商品，或把外国需求转向本国出口品的政策。

% change in quantity demanded ÷ % change in price

需求量变化百分比 ÷ 价格变化百分比。

% change in quantity supplied ÷ % change in price

供给量变化百分比 ÷ 价格变化百分比。

The number of unemployed divided by the labour / work force, multiplied by 100; the percentage of the labour force without a job.

失业人数除以劳动力 / 劳动人口，再乘以 100；劳动力中没有工作的百分比。

GDP ÷ population

GDP ÷ 人口。

fixed cost + variable cost

固定成本 + 可变成本。

total cost ÷ output

总成本 ÷ 产量。

fixed cost ÷ output

固定成本 ÷ 产量。

variable cost ÷ output

可变成本 ÷ 产量。

price × quantity sold

价格 × 销售数量。

total revenue ÷ quantity sold

总收入 ÷ 销售数量。

total revenue − total cost

总收入减去总成本。

immigration − emigration

移民流入 − 移民流出。

government revenue − government expenditure

政府收入 − 政府支出。

trade in goods + trade in services + primary income + secondary income

货物贸易 + 服务贸易 + 初次收入 + 二次收入。赤字意味着流出超过流入；盈余意味着流入超过流出。